Analyze the concerns and goals of participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace and those who opposed it.
Outline: Goals of Marchers
- Restore England to Catholicism
- Reform of the Government and Parliament including Cromwell
- Get the King to renounce the writings of Luther and other Reformists
- Get King to secure borders from Scots and to make the country safe again.
Goals of opposition
- Stop Marches
- Arrest Leaders
- Restore order
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a march by dissidents of the Henry VII in order to protest the way the country was ruled and the Religious reformation England was undergoing. Marchers were unhappy with a parliament they believed to be corrupt, at the fact that England had split from the Catholic Church and that Scots and robbers were roaming the countryside. The opposition to the march on the other hand included the King, his court and the nobility and they wished to disperse the marches and to restore order. The marches took place in the north eastern parts of England where Royal influence was not as strong. The Pilgrimage of Grace and the goals of the marchers and opposition not only give us a glimpse of England in the Early 16th century but show how willing the English people were to have a reformed government ruling for the people like Oliver Cromwell’s after the English civil war.
One of the 1st and foremost goals of the marchers was to protest Henry VIII decision to split England from the catholic church and to proclaim himself head of a new English Church which was ruled solely by the King or Queen of England. The Oath of honorable men was taken by marchers during the pilgrimage. It begins, “ You shall not enter into our Pilgrimage of Grace for worldly gain, do so only for your love of God, for the Holy Catholic Church militant,”(Doc1) The marchers were primarily Catholics angered at their King’s decision to change their countries religion on a whim. The also sent a petition to the King and his council which included pleas for him to abolish the works of Reformists like Luther from England, to restore the land and authority of the Catholic Church in England and to have Thomas Cromwell condemned for treason. (Doc5) The marchers were angry at the King, his recent decisions and his council and chose to show it by marching.
A secondary goal of the marches was to gain reforms in English government which included: a parliament that actually represented the people and was not a puppet of the throne and they also wished for the King to secure the English borders and roads from robbers and raiding scots. A marchers proclamation which was read before many marches began, “Because the rulers of this country do not defend us from being robbed by thieves and scots…We must be ready to help one another when thieves or scots would rob or invade us.” (Doc2) The marchers were angered at their leader’s failure to protect them and the properties from Scots and petty criminals. In a pamphlet which was eventually attributed to Thomas Tempest a former member of parliament we learn that many are unhappy at how the current parliament is run almost like a puppet of Thomas Cromwell’s, ”The current parliament has little authority or virtue. It is merely a council of the King’s appointees.” The English people at this time wanted a government that they could have a say in, not one completely dominated by the whims of the King and his nobles.
On the flip side of the marches were the opposition which mainly included the King and others in positions of power in government like Thomas Cromwell. This opposition wanted to stop the marches and to restore order to northern England. Many protesters were arrested and tried for treason and the King issued pardons to protesters as long as they renounced their protests and returned to their everyday lives. (Doc9) Arrest statistics show that 65% of all those tried in the first trials were convicted of treason and 233 were tried. (Doc10) The opposition wanted to arrest the leaders and disperse the remainder of the marchers. A writer named Richard Morrison was hired by Thomas Cromwell to write the book, “A remedy to Sedition.” In the book he opposed the idea of equality in government and reinforced the authority of the King, “When every man rules who shall obey?”(Doc7) Cromwell commissioned the book in what was perhaps an attempt to present an argument against an equal state.
These sources show how many in England wanted a reform in the nobility of England and a change in how the government was run. They wanted more authority for the people and less for the King and his council. This shows that when Oliver Cromwell took over after the English civil war the people were easily convinced to make him Lord Protector and basically a King of England as long as he preserved their civil liberties. The Pilgrimage of Grace gives us a glimpse of how the English civil war happened.
Friday, January 21, 2011
AP Exam Free Response #2
Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant reformation in the 1st half of the 16th century.
Outline: Consequences
- Counter Reformation by the Vatican in an effort to fight reformists.
- Council of Trent caused reformation inside the Catholic church, completely condemned the Protestant reformation and reaffirmed that the Catholic Church’s word on scripture was final.
- Set the stage for the many religious wars to come like the 30 years’ war
- Changed the hierarchy of power in Europe, the church loses a lot of power and authority in Eastern Europe and England.
The Protestant reformation was not just a time for a change in religious hierarchy and how the average European prayed. The Reformation was a prompt for many, many events to come in the future, the 30 years’ war and other religious wars being some of them. The Vatican starts its Counter-Reformation beginning with the Council of Trent in which it condemns the Protestant Reformation. Not only did the Protestant Revolution change the religious hierarchy in Europe but it was a catalyst for events in the 16th century that would change the balance of power in Europe.
Once the reformation begins to gather supporters and popularity the Vatican begins it’s counter-reformation; an effort to restore most of Europe to Catholicism and to crush the protestant reformation. The consequences of the council include many reforms in the church which in fact are exactly what Luther wanted in the first place, an affirmation that the Catholic Church’s word on scripture was final and a complete condemnation of all who were protestant. Catholicism had declared war on Protestantism.
A series of Religious wars would soon follow often lumped together and referred to as the 30 years’ war. The 30 years’ war took place in the southern Netherlands and among the 300 principalities of modern day Germany, many of these principalities choosing different religions and sides to fight on. The war was mainly fought in Germany but all of Europe felt the effects. All throughout Europe Protestants were fighting Catholics, maybe not directly but the rivalry was there. The consequences of the 30 years war was a united Dutch Republic, a still widely dispersed and war torn Germany in which each principality could choose its own religion legally and France under Louis the 14th as the pre-eminent nation in Europe for decades to come.
In Spain Isabella and Phillip instigate their inquisition which persecutes all non-Catholics and purges the country of Moors and Jews. Urged by Papal influence they also send a he armada to attack England which is defeated and from which Spain does not recover and allows England to come out on top of Spain.
The Protestant reformation changed the face of Europe and indirectly caused the 30 years’ war and the Counter Reformation. Both events changed the lives of every European, allowed Louis the 14th and France to become the most pre-eminent nation in Europe by the end of the 16th and caused the downfall of the Spanish Armada. The Protestant Reformation changed the balance of power In Europe forever.
Outline: Consequences
- Counter Reformation by the Vatican in an effort to fight reformists.
- Council of Trent caused reformation inside the Catholic church, completely condemned the Protestant reformation and reaffirmed that the Catholic Church’s word on scripture was final.
- Set the stage for the many religious wars to come like the 30 years’ war
- Changed the hierarchy of power in Europe, the church loses a lot of power and authority in Eastern Europe and England.
The Protestant reformation was not just a time for a change in religious hierarchy and how the average European prayed. The Reformation was a prompt for many, many events to come in the future, the 30 years’ war and other religious wars being some of them. The Vatican starts its Counter-Reformation beginning with the Council of Trent in which it condemns the Protestant Reformation. Not only did the Protestant Revolution change the religious hierarchy in Europe but it was a catalyst for events in the 16th century that would change the balance of power in Europe.
Once the reformation begins to gather supporters and popularity the Vatican begins it’s counter-reformation; an effort to restore most of Europe to Catholicism and to crush the protestant reformation. The consequences of the council include many reforms in the church which in fact are exactly what Luther wanted in the first place, an affirmation that the Catholic Church’s word on scripture was final and a complete condemnation of all who were protestant. Catholicism had declared war on Protestantism.
A series of Religious wars would soon follow often lumped together and referred to as the 30 years’ war. The 30 years’ war took place in the southern Netherlands and among the 300 principalities of modern day Germany, many of these principalities choosing different religions and sides to fight on. The war was mainly fought in Germany but all of Europe felt the effects. All throughout Europe Protestants were fighting Catholics, maybe not directly but the rivalry was there. The consequences of the 30 years war was a united Dutch Republic, a still widely dispersed and war torn Germany in which each principality could choose its own religion legally and France under Louis the 14th as the pre-eminent nation in Europe for decades to come.
In Spain Isabella and Phillip instigate their inquisition which persecutes all non-Catholics and purges the country of Moors and Jews. Urged by Papal influence they also send a he armada to attack England which is defeated and from which Spain does not recover and allows England to come out on top of Spain.
The Protestant reformation changed the face of Europe and indirectly caused the 30 years’ war and the Counter Reformation. Both events changed the lives of every European, allowed Louis the 14th and France to become the most pre-eminent nation in Europe by the end of the 16th and caused the downfall of the Spanish Armada. The Protestant Reformation changed the balance of power In Europe forever.
AP Exam Free Response #1
Compare and contrast the religious policies of Elizabeth the 1st of England and Isabella I of Spain
Outline: Elizabeth- head of protestant English church, more tolerant of other religions in her realm, Did not follow the catholic church and the pope
Isabella- Wanted her country to be completely catholic, started inquisition which forced moors and Jews either to leave or convert, followed the Catholic Church and the pope.
Elizabeth the 1st and Isabella of Spain were both remarkable monarchs during a period of great religious reformation and change in Europe. The reformation was sweeping across Europe from Germany and the Catholic Church had started its counter reformation. Both rulers had very different religious policies to one another like how in Spain Isabella instigated the inquisition with the support of the Vatican in an attempt to purge Spain of all non-Catholics while Elizabeth in England was more tolerant of religions beside the English church and allowed Catholics to worship in private. Isabella followed the word of the Vatican and the pope while Elizabeth was her own leader in terms of religious policies. Their differences in Religious policies set the stage for England to come out on top of Spain by the 17th century and caused a disaster for Spain that it never recovered from.
Before the marriage of Isabella and her husband King Phillip Spain was not untied, their marriage brought the country together and united it. One of their first acts was to start the inquisition. This was a court supported by the Vatican which basically ordered anyone who was not Catholic in Spain to convert to Catholicism or be either killed or deported. This included all the moors living in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and all the Jews who lived in Spain. Although the inquisition did unite Spain religiously it also made Spain weaker in terms of specialist trade and industry. Many of the people they deported were skilled tradesmen who were forced to leave rather than convert. The inquisition killed Spain’s cultural diversity and weakened its economy.
On the other side of Europe Elizabeth the 1st was ruling as the head of the English Church created by Henry VIII after he split from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth’s policies towards Jews, Catholics and other minority religious sects were much more forgiving even though the Catholics in England strongly supported rejoining the Catholic Church. Elizabeth herself was a politique, meaning she often sacrificed personal opinion for the good of her throne and country. Even if she wanted the Catholics expelled from the country she knew that doing so would cause much resentment. This preserved England’s religious and cultural diversity.
Throughout the 16th century the Popes in the Vatican had wanted to regain England as a catholic nation. Persuaded by Papal power to attack England and restore her Catholicism, in 1588 King Philip and Queen Isabella sent a huge Spanish armada which heavily outnumbered the English fleet into the English Channel to attack and Conquer England. However, bad weather and superior English ships defeated the Armada and almost the entire fleet was crushed. Spain never recovered from this devastating loss and the results of the battle made sure that England now secure against papal invasion.
Isabella and her husband Phillip’s religious policies did not help Spain other than to unite it religiously under Catholicism. They had lost much of their diversity and skilled tradesman when they purged them during the Inquisition and their decision to follow the Vatican’s orders and attack England was disastrous for their Country. Elizabeth’s more moderate policies allowed the English economy to flourish and England to become secure from invasion for centuries to come.
Outline: Elizabeth- head of protestant English church, more tolerant of other religions in her realm, Did not follow the catholic church and the pope
Isabella- Wanted her country to be completely catholic, started inquisition which forced moors and Jews either to leave or convert, followed the Catholic Church and the pope.
Elizabeth the 1st and Isabella of Spain were both remarkable monarchs during a period of great religious reformation and change in Europe. The reformation was sweeping across Europe from Germany and the Catholic Church had started its counter reformation. Both rulers had very different religious policies to one another like how in Spain Isabella instigated the inquisition with the support of the Vatican in an attempt to purge Spain of all non-Catholics while Elizabeth in England was more tolerant of religions beside the English church and allowed Catholics to worship in private. Isabella followed the word of the Vatican and the pope while Elizabeth was her own leader in terms of religious policies. Their differences in Religious policies set the stage for England to come out on top of Spain by the 17th century and caused a disaster for Spain that it never recovered from.
Before the marriage of Isabella and her husband King Phillip Spain was not untied, their marriage brought the country together and united it. One of their first acts was to start the inquisition. This was a court supported by the Vatican which basically ordered anyone who was not Catholic in Spain to convert to Catholicism or be either killed or deported. This included all the moors living in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and all the Jews who lived in Spain. Although the inquisition did unite Spain religiously it also made Spain weaker in terms of specialist trade and industry. Many of the people they deported were skilled tradesmen who were forced to leave rather than convert. The inquisition killed Spain’s cultural diversity and weakened its economy.
On the other side of Europe Elizabeth the 1st was ruling as the head of the English Church created by Henry VIII after he split from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth’s policies towards Jews, Catholics and other minority religious sects were much more forgiving even though the Catholics in England strongly supported rejoining the Catholic Church. Elizabeth herself was a politique, meaning she often sacrificed personal opinion for the good of her throne and country. Even if she wanted the Catholics expelled from the country she knew that doing so would cause much resentment. This preserved England’s religious and cultural diversity.
Throughout the 16th century the Popes in the Vatican had wanted to regain England as a catholic nation. Persuaded by Papal power to attack England and restore her Catholicism, in 1588 King Philip and Queen Isabella sent a huge Spanish armada which heavily outnumbered the English fleet into the English Channel to attack and Conquer England. However, bad weather and superior English ships defeated the Armada and almost the entire fleet was crushed. Spain never recovered from this devastating loss and the results of the battle made sure that England now secure against papal invasion.
Isabella and her husband Phillip’s religious policies did not help Spain other than to unite it religiously under Catholicism. They had lost much of their diversity and skilled tradesman when they purged them during the Inquisition and their decision to follow the Vatican’s orders and attack England was disastrous for their Country. Elizabeth’s more moderate policies allowed the English economy to flourish and England to become secure from invasion for centuries to come.
Friday, January 14, 2011
DBQ Exam practice
Analyze how political religious and social factors affected the work of scientists in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The sciences in 16th and 17th century Europe were not only the source of great discoveries but often political tools for rulers like Louis XIV. At this time in history Europe was either dominated by the influence of the Pope and the Church or by a Prince in one of the numerous principalities and empires however the catholic principalities also deferred to the Vatican. Some scientists like Copernicus had papal support and or others like Marin Mersenne were sponsored by the wealthy nobility. This support helped some discoveries to flourish and help the cause of mankind while in other cases it caused important ideas to be suppressed. Although political and religious support funded scientists and philosophers in the 16th and 17th it actually hindered the development of modern ideas and theories among scientists.
Many scientists were supported by the Vatican; however, because of this many scientists were in fact hindered in their ability to research and present their findings among their peers. If your findings went against the scripture you could be tried for heresy. A prime example of this was the astronomer Galileo who was persecuted for his findings. The church wanted him to be moderate and to defer to their judgment on the accuracy of his findings. Giovani Campioli and Italian monk wrote this to Galileo, “It is indispensable therefore…to defer to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect in matters of the interpretation of scripture.” Galileo released his findings anyway and was persecuted for them. John Calvin the father of the protestant religion Calvinism wrote, “This study should not be prohibited nor this science condemned because some frantic persons boldly reject whatever is unknown to them.” Calvin is arguing in favor of a free form of science that was not mediated over by religious figures in case it went against the biblical views on philosophy. However at this time in history this type of system was no in place. Marin Mersenne was hired by a noble patron to do research in his name. In document 5 we see a letter from Marin to her patron explaining his findings. Marin tells her patron that if he wished any of her findings could be censured because a lot of the experiments seem to support the ideas of Galileo who was persecuted for his ideas. However, Marin urges his patron not to censure his research as all of it has been completely verified multiple times. This shows how the politics of the church and its influence concerning scientific findings often indirectly suppressed works that could be remarkable. Lastly, Thomas Hobbes remarks in his book Leviathan that the whims of the rulers of the land had too much influence among the scientific community and that information could be too easily repressed by disgruntled nobles or papal figures.
In conclusion the influence of the Church on scientific works in the 16th and 17th century while funding many of them often hindered the most important and world changing discoveries if they went against the traditional biblical view of the world and it’s creation.
The sciences in 16th and 17th century Europe were not only the source of great discoveries but often political tools for rulers like Louis XIV. At this time in history Europe was either dominated by the influence of the Pope and the Church or by a Prince in one of the numerous principalities and empires however the catholic principalities also deferred to the Vatican. Some scientists like Copernicus had papal support and or others like Marin Mersenne were sponsored by the wealthy nobility. This support helped some discoveries to flourish and help the cause of mankind while in other cases it caused important ideas to be suppressed. Although political and religious support funded scientists and philosophers in the 16th and 17th it actually hindered the development of modern ideas and theories among scientists.
Many scientists were supported by the Vatican; however, because of this many scientists were in fact hindered in their ability to research and present their findings among their peers. If your findings went against the scripture you could be tried for heresy. A prime example of this was the astronomer Galileo who was persecuted for his findings. The church wanted him to be moderate and to defer to their judgment on the accuracy of his findings. Giovani Campioli and Italian monk wrote this to Galileo, “It is indispensable therefore…to defer to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect in matters of the interpretation of scripture.” Galileo released his findings anyway and was persecuted for them. John Calvin the father of the protestant religion Calvinism wrote, “This study should not be prohibited nor this science condemned because some frantic persons boldly reject whatever is unknown to them.” Calvin is arguing in favor of a free form of science that was not mediated over by religious figures in case it went against the biblical views on philosophy. However at this time in history this type of system was no in place. Marin Mersenne was hired by a noble patron to do research in his name. In document 5 we see a letter from Marin to her patron explaining his findings. Marin tells her patron that if he wished any of her findings could be censured because a lot of the experiments seem to support the ideas of Galileo who was persecuted for his ideas. However, Marin urges his patron not to censure his research as all of it has been completely verified multiple times. This shows how the politics of the church and its influence concerning scientific findings often indirectly suppressed works that could be remarkable. Lastly, Thomas Hobbes remarks in his book Leviathan that the whims of the rulers of the land had too much influence among the scientific community and that information could be too easily repressed by disgruntled nobles or papal figures.
In conclusion the influence of the Church on scientific works in the 16th and 17th century while funding many of them often hindered the most important and world changing discoveries if they went against the traditional biblical view of the world and it’s creation.
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
The thirty years war
Analyze various ways in which the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) represented a
turning point in European history.
The Thirty Years War was a bloody conflict that involved the powers of Europe between 1618 and 1648. Catholics, Protestants fought with and against each other in a battle to determine the power balance of Europe. The aftermath of the war changed Europe forever, it marked the end of the religious wars that had plagued Europe for centuries and completely changed the balance of power. The Thirty Years War and its aftermath in the Peace of Westphalia ensured the rise of France as the dominant power of Europe.
The war itself had ravaged the German states and parts of the Netherlands. France, having joined during the later phases of the war on the side of the protestant league had managed to come out with the least losses and much gain in territory while the power of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire was much diminished after the Peace of Westphalia and 30 years of combat attrition on their economies and armies. This left France as one of the strongest powers in the new European balance of power post-Thirty Years War.
Germany itself remained a fractured country of individual principalities which were either protestant or catholic according to their prince. With much of its population and land destroyed it was easy for France to gain influence in many of the states, more influence even than the now diminished Holy Roman Empire. This gaining of influence and power in Germany constituted to an increase in trade and goods for the French economy.
Moreover after the Thirty Years War the ideas of absolutism were all over Europe. Power in France had become much more centralized and it now had a professional Navy to rival the fleets of the British. The Thirty years war allowed the centralized power of France’s monarchy to flourish with a professional army and navy now in play.
The Thirty Years war culminated in a series of Treaties which in effect divided up Europe and set the rules of diplomacy. The clever time that France joined the war allowed it to come out on top at the end with no losses to territory and fewer casualties. The war also kept the German states fractured and France was able to gain influence in Germany to rival the Holy Roman Empire. The aftermath of the war set the stage for the most famous monarch in French history Louis XIV and put him in place in the right circumstances to make France the dominant power in Europe for decades to come.
Thesis statements:
1. Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to
enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800.
- The artists and scientist of Renaissance Europe and who controlled their expertise were used as a way to determine power for European Monarchs from 1500-1800.
2. Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in
the period circa 1500–1700.
- The many
3. Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of
Western Europe in the period circa 1450–1700.
4. Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with
the economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of
the seventeenth century.
turning point in European history.
The Thirty Years War was a bloody conflict that involved the powers of Europe between 1618 and 1648. Catholics, Protestants fought with and against each other in a battle to determine the power balance of Europe. The aftermath of the war changed Europe forever, it marked the end of the religious wars that had plagued Europe for centuries and completely changed the balance of power. The Thirty Years War and its aftermath in the Peace of Westphalia ensured the rise of France as the dominant power of Europe.
The war itself had ravaged the German states and parts of the Netherlands. France, having joined during the later phases of the war on the side of the protestant league had managed to come out with the least losses and much gain in territory while the power of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire was much diminished after the Peace of Westphalia and 30 years of combat attrition on their economies and armies. This left France as one of the strongest powers in the new European balance of power post-Thirty Years War.
Germany itself remained a fractured country of individual principalities which were either protestant or catholic according to their prince. With much of its population and land destroyed it was easy for France to gain influence in many of the states, more influence even than the now diminished Holy Roman Empire. This gaining of influence and power in Germany constituted to an increase in trade and goods for the French economy.
Moreover after the Thirty Years War the ideas of absolutism were all over Europe. Power in France had become much more centralized and it now had a professional Navy to rival the fleets of the British. The Thirty years war allowed the centralized power of France’s monarchy to flourish with a professional army and navy now in play.
The Thirty Years war culminated in a series of Treaties which in effect divided up Europe and set the rules of diplomacy. The clever time that France joined the war allowed it to come out on top at the end with no losses to territory and fewer casualties. The war also kept the German states fractured and France was able to gain influence in Germany to rival the Holy Roman Empire. The aftermath of the war set the stage for the most famous monarch in French history Louis XIV and put him in place in the right circumstances to make France the dominant power in Europe for decades to come.
Thesis statements:
1. Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to
enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800.
- The artists and scientist of Renaissance Europe and who controlled their expertise were used as a way to determine power for European Monarchs from 1500-1800.
2. Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in
the period circa 1500–1700.
- The many
3. Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of
Western Europe in the period circa 1450–1700.
4. Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with
the economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of
the seventeenth century.
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