Chapter 3 Terms

Roman Catholic Church- The Christian Church opposite to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Has about 1/6 of the population of the world. Largest religion today. The pope is their spiritual leader. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_catholic_church

Eastern Orthodox Church- Separated from the Roman Catholic Church as a result of the great Schism. The pope excommunicated the bishop of Constantinople, but the bishop retaliated by excommunicating the pope, and the surrounding area separated from the Church. Also known as the Greek Orthodox Church. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church

Crusades- attempts by France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire to retake the Holy Land. There were 9 Crusades, however they were unsuccessful. If there was any success, it was short lived. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades

Black Plague- One of the worst pandemics in European history, peaking around 1350. Wiped out about half of Europe. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death

Gunpowder- Invented by the Chinese, but only used in festivities until they were conquered, and the conquerors found a way to harness its power. The canon was first recorded in Europe in 1248. 1267 describes the first firecrackers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder

Medici- Powerful Renaissance family in Florence. Family of great leaders such as Giovanni de Medici, Cosimo de Medici, and Lorenzo the Magnificent. The Medici family collapsed with the formation of the United Kingdom of Italy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici

Oligarchies-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchies- A form of power structure in which a select group of people/families have all the power due to wealth, family ties, military strength ect. Often controlled by a few families who pass their influence onto their children.

Condottieri- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri- The mercenary soldiers contracted by the papacy from the late middle ages to the Rennaisance.

New Monarchies-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Monarchy- A term used by 20th century historians in order to describe how some 15th century monarchs were unifying their people and recruiting professorial armies.

Humanism- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism- Liberal arts, in terms of education that meant the study of the classics which meant Greek and Roman literature, rhetoric and history.

Renaissance Man- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath-A person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas.

Virtu-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu-Virtù is a concept theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli centered on the martial spirit of a population or leader, but also encompasses a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state.
Perspective

Leonardo Da Vinci-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci- A perfect example of a Rennaisance man. Leonardo was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.


Michelangelo - an Italian renaissance artist who was a rival of da Vinci. He is best known for his sculptures of the Pietà and David and also for painting the ceiling of the Sistine chapel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo

Fresecos – a form of mural painting that can be done on walls. Paint is applied to fresh plaster and then let harden. The word comes from a Latin root meaning fresh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco

Madonna – images like the Madonna and child that represent Mary and Jesus. They are icons of Roman Catholicism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(art)

Raphael – a high renaissance painter and architect and is one of the great renaissance artists. He ran a large workshop and died young. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael

Pietà – a sculpture by Michelangelo made during the renaissance. It is an image of Jesus being held by Mary after his death. This is one of his best and most famous works. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)

Filippo Brunelleschi – one of the greatest architectsand engineers of the Italian renaissance. He is most famous for completing the dome of the Florence cathedral. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi

Dante Alighieri – a famous Italian poet during the Middle Ages. He is best known for writing the divine comedy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri


Francesco Petrarch-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Petrarch-July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".[1] In the 16th century

Giovanni Boccaccio-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio-(1313–21 December 1375)An Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular.

Frescoes

Balthazar Castiglioni-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Castiglione-(December 6, 1478 – Toledo, Spain, February 2, 1529) an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author. His most notable work was the Book of the Courtier which described in great detail how a nobleman was to act and speak in court.

Niccolo Machiavelli- Author of the Renaissance. Famous for writing the Prince. He wrote it saying that morality should not be the basis of a rulers reign. He had hoped that the book would be a reference for Italian rulers, so that they would return to the ways of Lorenzo the Magnificent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli

Christian Humanists- The belief that the Renaissance way of life is able to live collectively with the Catholic faith. Christian Humanists believed in both ways of life, uncommon at the time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanist

New Universities- Universities renamed, or founded in the UK. Since 1928, they have been referred to as red brick universities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_universities

Fugger - The Fugger family was the German equivalent of the Medicis in Florence, who at first were merchants and became bankers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugger


Thomas More - Thomas More was an English scholar in the 16th century, and a saint in the Catholic Church. More wrote a book called Utopia, which created an perfect society wherein people where not focused on diamonds, jewels, and such, but rather necessities instead.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More

Desiderius Erasmus

Brothers And Sisters of the Common Life

Flemish Masters


New Monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburgh)



Star Chamber - This was the royal court that was created to persecute those who could not normally be placed into a court. This was done behind doors, without citizen involvement, strictly for those prominent in Renaissance time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber


Inquisition - The Inquisition was the Church Court used in late 15th century Italy to enforce religious uniformity to Christianity. This was used to unite Spain along with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition


Holy Roman Empire - This is a united area, mainly consisting of German states, in Europe which was loosely allied together under the Catholic Church.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire